The primary responsibility of the selected institution is to conduct a thorough analysis of the labour and economic landscape of Thailand's rubber supply chain. The analysis will be carried out using a gender-responsive approach to ensure that the specific roles, challenges and opportunities for women and men are fully considered. The primary objective of the RDA is to conduct thorough analysis of the labour and economic landscape of Thailand's rubber supply chain. Conducted nationally, with fieldwork in major rubber-producing provinces and industrial zones, the RDA will identify key challenges, opportunities, and strategic entry points to improve labour conditions in line with international standards, and enhance the sector's trade readiness. The specific objectives of the assessment are to: Map key actors and economic dynamics across Thailand’s natural rubber supply chain. Assess the sector’s labour and decent work profile, including demographics, labour rights, working conditions, wages, and skills. Analyse the landscape of worker representation, including union density, barriers to freedom of association, and collective bargaining coverage. Identify challenges and opportunities related to trade readiness and labour standards compliance. Assess gender and inclusion dynamics, including wage gaps, occupational segregation, women workers’ representation in unions, and the working conditions and other specific vulnerabilities faced by women and marginalised groups. Identify key stakeholders and strategic intervention points aligned with the project’s results framework. Given its rapid nature, the RDA will focus on high-impact analytical areas aligned with project objectives. The supply chain analysis spans three segments: upstream (smallholders, plantation workers, tappers), midstream (collectors, traders, cooperatives, primary processors), and downstream (secondary/tertiary processing and export-oriented manufacturing such as tyres and gloves). Three main analytical areas guide the RDA: 1. Labour profile, worker representation, and working conditions: Estimates workforce composition by gender, age, and worker type; identifies child labour risks aligned with the NPA; and examines challenges faced by migrant workers. Reviews the presence of worker organizations, freedom of association, collective bargaining, OSH conditions (including concerns related to violence and harassment, gender-based violence), wage structures, access to contracts and social protections, and indication of child labour, forced labour and discrimination. The assessment of forced labour, specifically, will be guided by the 11 ILO indicators.[1]  In addition to estimating workforce composition, identifying child labour risks, and examining migrant worker challenges, the RDA has additional two dedicated sub-analysis: 1) mapping the workers’ representation landscape in the rubber sector supply chain. This is a comprehensive process to identify and analyse the presence, strength, and activities of trade unions at every stage of the supply chain. The purpose is to determine the extent to which freedom of association and collective bargaining are respected and exercised, providing insight into union density, organizational strength, and areas where representation is weak. 2) gender and inclusion analysis. This moves beyond demographics to examine the different roles men and women play in the supply chain. It will analyse gender-based wage gaps, access to skills training, occupational segregation, specific OSH risks faced by women, and barriers to leadership roles for women and other marginalised groups. 2. Economic flows and distribution of value: This assesses pricing, value addition, and profit distribution to understand income stability and the capacity of especially smaller businesses to improve labour conditions. Identify where value concentrates and how it affects workers across supply chain stages. 3. Economic challenges and trade opportunities: This reviews how global rubber price volatility affects smallholders and employer investments in decent work. Explores how productivity and value-added processing can improve labour outcomes. Reviews labour standards expectations from trade partners (e.g., EU/Canada FTAs) and international perceptions of Thailand’s compliance, especially on child labour, forced labour, and freedom of association, collective bargaining, and their impact on business behaviour and market access and conditions of women workers. In addition to analysing global rubber price volatility, the assessment will also consider other significant supply chain disruptions and variations that affect Thailand’s rubber sector. These include fluctuating input costs such as fertiliser and energy, logistical bottlenecks, climate-related impacts such as flooding, drought, and disease outbreaks (e.g., leaf fall), policy or regulatory changes in key export markets, and shifts in global demand patterns from sectors such as automotive and medical manufacturing. While the primary focus will remain on understanding how these factors influence labour conditions and trade readiness, the analysis will qualitatively account for these broader disruption drivers to present a more comprehensive picture. The assessment will also consider private and corporate standards on labour and human rights, including supplier codes of conduct and sustainability commitments adopted by large Thai companies and multinational firms sourcing or producing rubber. These voluntary or buyer-driven requirements, covering aspects such as freedom of association, working hours, wages, occupational safety and health, and elimination of child or forced labour, can have a direct impact on labour outcomes and trade readiness. The analysis will explore how these standards interact with national regulations and influence business practices and compliance in the sector.