This formative study aims to assess the status of safely managed sanitation (SMS) services in both urban and rural settings and generate evidence to support Local Authorities and Regional Councils to improve access to SMS services and accelerate progress towards the attainment of sectoral targets in the national development plans and the UNICEF Game Plan to Reach SMS in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 targets 6.2.1. The consultant will provide technical assistance to the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform (MAWLR) to undertake formative research to establish the status of safely managed on-site sanitation (SMOSS) systems across the country with respect to safe fecal containments, emptying, transportation, treatment, and reuse/disposal using the lenses of Sanitation for All (SWA) building blocks namely, policy, Institutional arrangements, financing, capacity development and monitoring and review.  The overarching objective is to inform and develop regulation and monitoring system to facilitate shift from open defecation to SMS with the integration of climate resilience.